Learning Objectives

• representations of molecular substances (electron dot formulas, structural formulas, valence structures, ball-and-stick models, space-filling models) including limitations of representations.

• shapes of molecules and an explanation of their polar or non-polar character with reference to the electronegativities of their atoms and electron-pair repulsion theory.

• explanation of properties of molecular substances (including low melting point and boiling point, softness, and non-conduction of electricity) with reference to their structure, intramolecular bonding and intermolecular forces.