Acids and Bases

Learning Objectives

• The Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and bases including polyprotic acids and amphiprotic species, and writing of balanced ionic equations for their reactions with water including states

• The ionic product of water, the pH scale and the use of pH in the measurement and calculations of strengths of acids and bases and dilutions of solutions (calculations involving acidity constants are not required)

• The distinction between strong and weak acids and bases, and between concentrated and dilute acids and bases, including common examples

• The reactions of acids with metals, carbonates and hydroxides including balanced full and ionic equations, with states indicated

• The causes and effects of a selected issue related to acid-base chemistry